Kerwin Xiang Liao

I am an independent researcher working across critical social theory, organization theory, and philosophy. My research examines how meritocratic, competitive institutions manufacture relational and emotional scarcity, and how that scarcity sustains itself. I draw on Frankfurt School critical theory, especially work on recognition and acceleration.

Conformity and Creativity in Conflict: Cognitive Pluralism and the Reimagining of Educational Aims

Formal education claims to cultivate human potential, yet its structure tends to reward conformity over creativity. This paper proposes a normative theory of cognitive pluralism that reimagines education as an ecosystem of developmental cultivation rather than a mechanism of selection, with creativity tempered by wisdom.

Kerwin Xiang Liao · The Journal of Creative Behavior · 2026

The Hidden Costs of Tournament Logic: Meritocracy, Incentives, and Normative Tensions in Organizations

A critical reappraisal of tournament theory, the model in organizational economics that treats promotion and pay as rank-order contests. Drawing on Elizabeth Anderson’s relational egalitarianism, the paper argues that tournaments are not only incentive devices but institutional and ideological arrangements that entrench workplace domination and moralize failure.

Kerwin Xiang Liao · Philosophy of Management · 2026